Abstract: . . .  formation and consequences of atheromatous plaque. n Determine the etiology and treatment of hypertension. n Distinguish between primary and secondary hypertension and identify classifications of hypertension for adults n Determine risk factors and signs/symptoms associated with CAD, PVD and DVTs. Formulate nursing interventions for CAD. n Compare and contrast the etiology and manifestations of myocarditis and pericarditis with a classmate. n Identify the types of angina and arrhythmias associated with myocardial ischemia and infarction. n Compare and contrast the etiology of right & left sided heart failure and explain to a classmate the different signs and symptoms. 3 Arteriosclerosis n Chronic disease of the arterial system n Characterized by an abnormal thickening and hardening of the vessel walls. Smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers move into the tunica intima causing stiffening Inhibits the arterys ability to change lumen size n Structural changes may be due to the normal aging process Changes in lipid, cholesterol, and phospholipids are contributing factors Page 2 4 Atherosclerosis Plaque Formation n A form of arteriosclerosis in which the hardening of the vessel walls are caused by soft deposits of intrarterial fat and fibrin that harden over time n Damaged endothelium n Fatty streak formation n Fibrous plaque develops n Complicated lesion 5 Atherosclerosis (fat scar or atheromas) n Plaque can ulcerate or rupture before occluding the vessel n Thrombosis forms and complete vessel occlusion occurs Causing tissue ischemia and infarction n Prevention can include antiplatelet meds 6 Atherosclerosis n Clinical symptoms n Due to inadequate perfusion of tissues Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) associated with stress or exercise CAD caused by atherosclerosis is cause for myocardial ischemia Obstruction of vessels leading to the brain cause CVA May elevate the total systemic vascular resistance and cause high blood pressure (hypertension) Page 3 7 Hypertension a cause of pump failure n Consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure n Average of two or more diastolic pressures made on two or more consecutive clinical visits is 90 mm Hg n  . . .
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